(SHBG); increased hepatic production of estrogens metabolites with minimal estrogenic activity by pushing the estrogens 2-hydrohylation pathway; inhibition of aromatase enzyme; increased expression of ovarian CYP1B1 enzyme; increased levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH); inhibition of adrenal 21-...
occur where cortisol levels fail to inhibit production of CRH and ACTH. Loss of negative feedback would logically result in excess circulating cortisol levels, and these prolonged levels of GCs may also induce the development of GC resistance [9]. Indeed, elevated cortisol levels are well document...
hydroxyl radical (OH•) are formed. Furthermore, O2●-has the ability to interact with nitric oxide (NO) to form peroxynitrite (ONOO−), subsequent reactions of which may lead to either apoptotic or necrotic cell death [39]. In the male reproductive tract, ROS finally can be generated ...
Glucocorticoid metabolism. The secretion of glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland is regulated by the HPA axis via secretion of ACTH. The main plasma cortisol (F) is protein bound with 4–5% free fraction. The plasma cortisone (E) is in the free unbound form. The equilibrium of cortisol and ...
Chronic upper airway inflammation is one of the most prevalent chronic disease entities in the world with rhinitis being the most common presentation form affecting 30% of the Western population [1]. Rhinitis is defined as an inflammation of the lining of the nose and is characterized by nasal ...
We investigated the genetic basis of P. s. klemmeri body coloration. The blue color is a form of melanism in reptiles [43]. In vertebrates, melanistic coloration is often associated with increased aggressiveness and sexual activity [44–46]. In a recent review Ducrest et al. [46] suggest...
Reflecting a new form of expression of sexuality, homosexuality is a condition in which a individual seeks sexual, erotic, and emotional satisfaction with someone of the same sex [1]. The word ‘homosexual’ was created in 1868 and although the word ‘heterosexual’ was created and used only ...
past, researchers have focused on exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these primary sterile CNS injury lesions, such as the sudden cessation of blood supply to vascular regions in ischemic stroke leading to the death of nerve cells to form ischemic cores, the sudden overflow of ...
[157]. A recent study also suggests that the increased secretion of FGF-23 by osteocytes is influenced by the elevation of glycerol-3-phosphate in CKD [158]. FGF-23 also inhibits the active form of vitamin D, subsequently impacting PTH elevation [159]. Eventually, the elevations in FGF-...
Aerobic exercise, as the primary form of exercise therapy, offers several advantages, including high adherence, straightforward exercise planning, minimal adverse effects, and broad suitability for diverse populations. Numerous studies have confirmed the positive impact of aerobic exercise interventions on ...