Energy sources like coal, wind, solar photovoltaic, and gas have a small levelized cost of energy (LCoE), which ranges from 0.05 to 0.12 €/kWh [1], while the LCoE of wave energy can be 3–10 times those values [2]. Allied with environmental concerns [3] and survivability issues ...
2. Charging Method The main characteristics of the commercial 48NPFC50 LiFePO4 battery (Narada Power Source Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China) [17] used in this work are 48 V nominal voltage and 50 Ah nominal capacity (Cn) i.e., 2.4 kWh of power capacity. The battery consists of fifteen (...