Adjoint velocity [ua] and adjoint pressure [pa] are not velocities or pressure in the physical meaning, but a representation of these quantities for the Lagrangian [L] minimization problem: L := J + ∫Ω(Ua, pa)RdΩ R is set of 3 components of the momentum equation and one continuity...
Note that at “equilibrium” (meaning a balance of production and destruction terms) this model reduces to an algebraic miximg-length Smagorinski-like subgrid model. The “DES limiter” defined by Eq. (1) that is used in DES97 switches between the RANS length scale and LES length scale ...
However, some clinical cases do not allow this less invasive approach, meaning that the stent-graft cannot be inserted and open surgery is used. Methods: In the study, we propose a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) analysis of an aneurysmatic aorta that could not be treated with Endovascular...
meaning they rely on successively reducing the equation residual to achieve internal convergence in each solution step. The residual is essentially a measure of the error in the current step’s solution, with smaller values indicating higher accuracy. Before solving an equation for a specific field ...
U here is the solid velocity, which is effectively equal to zero meaning that a very thin layer of fluid is not moving. This condition is used because the fluid molecules at the fluid-solid boundary do not move due to much higher attraction (adhesion) between solid and fluid compared to ...
In particular, the Cunningham correction factor for drag law was introduced [21]. The flow can be considered compressible similarly to what happened for previous works [1]. Dust grains in the sampling range have a Stokes number that ranges from 2 × 10−4 to 0.54, meaning that there ...
Acronym Meaning RH Relative humidity kW Kilo watt (1000 watt)—power MW Megawatt (1000 kW)—power rpm Revolution per minute—power V Volts A Amps Hz Hertz v Air velocity pd Dynamic pressure pt Total pressure ps Static pressure P Power consumption (W) dp Total pressure increases in the fan...
The calculation procedure and the meaning of the symbols are shown in [30], and the results are shown in Table 4. Finally, the grid setting of N2 = 4.8 × 106 is selected for subsequent simulations. Figure 5. Grid sensitivity analysis. Table 4. Sample calculations of the discretization ...
The simulations were solved within an isothermal model, meaning that no energy equations were calculated. The performance of NV is always influenced by the outdoor temperature, occupancies, solar heat sources and other pressure differences. The consideration of these factors is to be carried out in...
A disadvantage of these methods is that p-boxes are an abstract concept, the meaning of which is difficult to convey to non-experts. Ling and Townsend [87] proposed a classification based approach, using ML classifiers such as Support Vector Machines, to identify the regions of the greatest ...